How Sleep Enhances Studying

How Sleep Enhances Studying

Quite a bit of research on memory has demonstrated that distributing your practice helps you learn.  That is, the more that you spread out your study time, the better you are likely to remember information later, compared to cramming all of your study time into one session. 

Studies have also been interested in whether sleep matters for learning.  Research suggests that if you study new material and then sleep, you remember the information better than if you study new material and stay awake for an equivalent amount of time.

What happens when you combine these concepts?  That is, does it matter whether you sleep in between the study sessions you do?

Three groups of participants were tested.  All of them studied a list of 16 Swahili words and had to give their translation.  The study was done in France, so the participants responded with the French meaning of the words. 

To study the word list, participants first saw each word paired with its meaning.  Then, they went through the list and typed in the meaning.  Each item they got correct was removed from the study list.  For each item they got wrong, the correct definition was provided, and was added to the list for the next round of study.  The study period ended when the participant responded correctly once to each of the 16 items.

A control group, studied these words in the evening and then came back to the lab 12 hours later when they had slept.  They were tested on the words the next morning.  They also came back and were tested again one week later and six months later.

The Sleep group studied the words in the evening and came back to the lab 12 hours later after sleeping.  They studied the words a second time. In the second study trial, they were not shown the definitions of the words again on the first round.  Instead, they started by recalling the definitions of the words and then continuing to study the ones they got wrong.  This group also came back a week later and six months later for tests of the words.

The No Sleep group studied the words in the morning and came back to the lab 12 hours later without sleeping in between study sessions.  They studied the words a second time (just like the Sleep group).  They were then tested a week later and six months later.

The results demonstrate the importance of sleep.  The Sleep group and the Control group both remembered the words better 12 hours later (as measured by the performance on the first trial of the second study session) than the No Sleep group.  That is, consistent with previous research, sleeping after a study session leads to better recall than not sleeping.

Not only that, but the Sleep group actually relearned all of the words in the second study session faster than the No Sleep group. So, the second round of studying was more efficient for people who had slept than for those who had not. 

At both the one week and six month tests, the Sleep Group did best.  That is, studying a second time after sleeping led people to recall the words better after a delay than either studying twice without sleeping or studying only once and sleeping after the test.  The performance in those two conditions was about the same.

This research suggests that spreading out your study time benefits learning, but you should make sure that you sleep in between study sessions.  Sleep is well-known to help consolidate memories.  When you sleep before you study a second time, you are giving yourself a chance to allow sleep to consolidate your memories twice—once after the first study session and again after the second.

Credit:  Author - Art Markman Ph.D